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models:standard_model [2018/03/30 14:37] jakobadmin [Concrete] |
models:standard_model [2019/07/03 08:12] (current) jakobadmin [FAQ] |
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</WRAP> | </WRAP> | ||
- | ====== The Standard Model ====== | + | ====== Standard Model of Particle Physics ====== |
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**Particle Content** | **Particle Content** | ||
- | {{ :models:standardmodel.png?nolink&400 |}} | + | {{ :models:paper.journal.40.png?nolink&800 |}} |
+ | |||
---- | ---- | ||
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<tabbox Concrete> | <tabbox Concrete> | ||
- | At the hear of the Standard Model is the [[advanced_tools:gauge_symmetry|gauge symmetry]] | + | At the heart of the Standard Model is the [[advanced_tools:gauge_symmetry|gauge symmetry]] |
$$ | $$ | ||
G\ =\ SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y\, . | G\ =\ SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y\, . | ||
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massive ($M_W\approx80.4$ GeV, $M_Z\approx91.2$ GeV) while the | massive ($M_W\approx80.4$ GeV, $M_Z\approx91.2$ GeV) while the | ||
photon $\gamma$ remains massless. | photon $\gamma$ remains massless. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
---- | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | --> Standard Model Lagrangian# | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [{{ :models:smlagshort.png?nolink&800 |Source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/11/23/thanksgiving/ }}] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * A nice overview of the various terms in the __Standard Model Lagrangian__ can be found [[http://www.einstein-schrodinger.com/Standard_Model.pdf|here]]. A short non-technical discussion of the various terms can be found [[https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-deconstructed-standard-model-equation|here]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <-- | ||
+ | |||
+ | -->Particle Content# | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ :models:sm-overview.pdf |The field content of the standard model is nicely summarized here}} | ||
+ | |||
**The Gauge Bosons** | **The Gauge Bosons** | ||
- | The photon couples to the electric charge which is a linear combination of hypercharge and weak isospin | + | The __photon__ couples to the electric charge which is a linear combination of hypercharge and weak isospin |
$$ | $$ | ||
q\ =\ T^3\ +\ Y . | q\ =\ T^3\ +\ Y . | ||
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The photon is responsible for electromagnetic interactions. Since it is massless the electromagnetic forces are long-ranged. | The photon is responsible for electromagnetic interactions. Since it is massless the electromagnetic forces are long-ranged. | ||
- | The $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons are responsible for the weak interactions. Since both are massive the weak force is short-ranged. | + | The __$W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons__ are responsible for the weak interactions. Since both are massive the weak force is short-ranged. |
- | The bosons responsible for the strong force are called gluons. This name stems from the fact that they ``glue'' the quarks and antiquarks together. Bound states made of quarks and antiquarks are called baryons and mesons. The strong forces become stronger with rising distance between two color-chared particles. As a result individual quarks, antiquarks, or gluons can't be isolated. This is known as confinement. Only $SU(3)_C$ singlets can be observed. | + | The bosons responsible for the strong force are called __gluons__. This name stems from the fact that they ``glue'' the quarks and antiquarks together. Bound states made of quarks and antiquarks are called baryons and mesons. The strong forces become stronger with rising distance between two color-chared particles. As a result individual quarks, antiquarks, or gluons can't be isolated. This is known as confinement. Only $SU(3)_C$ singlets can be observed. |
---- | ---- | ||
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The right-handed charged leptons $e^-_R$, $\mu^-_R$, $\tau^-_R$ | The right-handed charged leptons $e^-_R$, $\mu^-_R$, $\tau^-_R$ | ||
are $SU(2)_L$ singlets. So far right-handed neutrinos were never observed. | are $SU(2)_L$ singlets. So far right-handed neutrinos were never observed. | ||
- | ---- | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | --> Standard Model Lagrangian# | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | [{{ :models:smlagshort.png?nolink&800 |Source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/11/23/thanksgiving/ }}] | ||
- | |||
- | * A nice overview of the various terms in the __Standard Model Lagrangian__ can be found [[http://www.einstein-schrodinger.com/Standard_Model.pdf|here]]. A short non-technical discussion of the various terms can be found [[https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-deconstructed-standard-model-equation|here]]. | ||
- | |||
<-- | <-- | ||
- | -->Particle Content# | + | -->Standard Model Interactions# |
- | + | ||
- | {{ :models:sm-overview.pdf |The field content of the standard model is nicely summarized here}} | + | |
+ | [{{ :models:586px-standard_model_feynman_diagram_vertices.png?nolink |Source: Image by Garyzx published under the [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0|CC BY-SA 3.0]] licence}}] | ||
<-- | <-- | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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<cite>http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week253.html</cite> | <cite>http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week253.html</cite> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <blockquote>r. Correlation functions of local operators in | ||
+ | R1,3 depend only on the Lie algebra of the gauge group and are unaffected by global | ||
+ | issues such as the choice of Γ. This means that no current experiment can distinguish | ||
+ | between the four possibilities. Nonetheless, the physics in flat space can depend in | ||
+ | subtle ways on Γ (and in more dramatic ways when spacetime has interesting topology). | ||
+ | The purpose of this paper is to describe the crudest differences between the theories: | ||
+ | the spectrum of line operators and the periodicities of theta angles.<cite>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.01853.pdf</cite></blockquote> | ||
**A great discussion of these things with awesome illustrations can be found in section 1.4 and at page 26 in Some Elementary Gauge Theory Concepts by Hong-Mo Chan, Sheung Tsun Tsou:** | **A great discussion of these things with awesome illustrations can be found in section 1.4 and at page 26 in Some Elementary Gauge Theory Concepts by Hong-Mo Chan, Sheung Tsun Tsou:** | ||
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<-- | <-- | ||
- | --> Questions left open by the standard model?# | + | --> What questions are left open by the standard model?# |
See [[:open_problems|Open Problems]] | See [[:open_problems|Open Problems]] | ||
+ | <-- | ||
+ | |||
+ | --> What symmetries do exist in the standard model and what is their experimental status?# | ||
+ | see https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/97896/symmetries-of-the-standard-model-exact-anomalous-spontaneously-broken | ||
<-- | <-- | ||
<tabbox History> | <tabbox History> | ||
* The Rise of the Standard Model: A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979 by Lillian Hoddeson | * The Rise of the Standard Model: A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979 by Lillian Hoddeson | ||
* Resource Letter: The Standard Model and Beyond by Jonathan L. Rosner | * Resource Letter: The Standard Model and Beyond by Jonathan L. Rosner | ||
+ | * https://inference-review.com/article/the-standard-model by Sheldon Glashow | ||
+ | |||
</tabbox> | </tabbox> | ||