✎ Spinors [The Physics Travel Guide]

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====== Spinors ======

Spinors are the appropriate mathematical objects to describe particles with [[basic_notions:spin|spin]] 1/2, like, for example, electrons.

<blockquote>
"One could say that a spinor is the most basic sort of mathematical object that can be Lorentz-transformed."

<cite>[[https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3824|An introduction to spinors]] by Andrew M. Steane</cite>
</blockquote>

<tabbox Layman> 
A spinor is a mathematical object similar to a [[basic_tools:vector_calculus|vector]]. However, while a vector points in some spatial direction, like, for example, in the direction of the north pole, a spinor points in a direction in an [[advanced_tools:internal_symmetries|internal space]].

A curious property of a spinor is that if you rotate it by 360° it isn't the same but get's a minus sign. Only after a rotation  by 720° a spinor is again the same. In contrast a vector is completely unchanged if you rotate it by 360°.

This crazy property can be illustrated as shown, for example, here:

* https://vimeo.com/62228139
  * http://www.gregegan.net/APPLETS/21/21.html
  * http://ariwatch.com/VS/Algorithms/DiracStringTrick.htm
  * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_trick
  
<tabbox Student> 
Spinors arise as mathematical objects when one studies the [[advanced_tools:group_theory:representation_theory|representations]] of the Lorentz group.

The objects that transform under the $(\frac{1}{2},0)$ or $(0,\frac{1}{2})$ representation of the Lorentz group are called **Weyl spinors**, objects transform under the (reducible) $(\frac{1}{2},0) \oplus (0,\frac{1}{2})$ representation are called **Dirac spinors**.

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* A nice introduction is [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3824|An introduction to spinors]] by Andrew M. Steane
  * See also http://www-personal.umich.edu/~williams/notes/spinor.pdf
  * https://users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~Steane/teaching/rel_C_spinors.pdf
  * https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74682/introduction-to-spinors-in-physics-and-their-relation-to-representations/112041#112041

**Things to take note of:**

<blockquote>Representing the u, as vectors is a heuristic oversimplification though, and in fact is not really correct, as operations like spinor addition work a little differently than vector addition. (See Winter 3.) However, temporarily visualizing them as such can aid in our understanding of how they and spin behave, relative to the at-rest coordinate system, for varying particle velocities.<cite>page 99 in [[ftp://srdconsulting.com/USB_BackUp/Data/Articles/QFT/StudentFriendlyQFT/SF_QFT_Chap04.pdf|Student Friendly Quantum Field Theory]], by R. Klauber</cite></blockquote>

Reference 3 is  Winter, Rolf G., Quantum Physics, Wadsworth (1979), Chap. 9.

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<blockquote>"//spinor representations are the square root of a principle fiber bundle,//”

https://particlephd.wordpress.com/2008/11/28/why-spinors/</blockquote>

* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBdW978Ii_E|Sir Michael Atiyah, What is a Spinor ?]]
  * The standard reference for spinors is https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.1594

--> Example1#

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--> Example2:#

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--> Why is there no classical theory of spinors?#

<blockquote>[V]ia the Pauli exclusion principle, fermions cannot occupy the same state within the same macro system. So, whereas photons (bosons) can occupy the same state and a lot of them can therefore reinforce one another to produce a macroscopic electromagnetic field, spinors (fermions) cannot do so. In other words, we have no classical macroscopic spinor fields to sense, interact with, and study experimentally. And thus, we have no classical theory of spinors.

<cite>Student Friendly Quantum Field Theory by Klauber</cite></blockquote>
 
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<tabbox History>

</tabbox>

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