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In physics, we are usually interested in what a group actually does. A group is an abstract object, but representation theory allows us to derive how a group actually acts on a system.
In addition, representation theory is what allows us to understand elementary particles. For example, by using the tools of representation theory to analyze the Lorentz group (=the fundamental spacetime symmetry group), we learn what kind of elementary particles can exist in nature. Moreover, representation theory is crucial to understand what spin is, which is one of the most important quantum numbers.