====== Exterior Derivative ====== The exterior derivative generalizes the curl operator from 3-dimensional space to any number of dimensions. The exterior derivative of a vector field $v$ can be written as $\nabla \wedge v$, where the $\wedge$ indicates the [[advanced_tools:exterior_product|exterior product]]. This is analogous to how we can write the curl as $\nabla \times v$, where $\times$ is the cross product, and the divergence as $\nabla \cdot v$, where $\cdot$ is the dot product. The result of $\nabla \wedge v$ is an anti-symmetric tensor field. In 3-dimensional space, the curl operator is equal to the [[advanced_tools:hodge_dual|Hodge dual]] of the exterior derivative: ${\rm curl}(v) = \star(\nabla \wedge v)$. The exterior derivative of a $p$-form $\omega$ is commonly written as $d\omega$. The result of $d\omega$ is a ($p+1$)-form. Taking the exterior derivative twice (of any object) results in zero: $d^2\omega=0$. This is an important result with many implications for electrodynamics, topology, etc. The diagram shows on the left-hand side how the gradient, curl, and divergence operators know from 3D can be constructed from the exterior derivative and the Hodge dual. The right-hand side illustrates the fact that taking the exterior derivative twice results in zero. For a more detailed explanation of this picture see [[https://esackinger.wordpress.com/blog/lie-groups-and-their-representations/#exterior_deriv|Fun with Symmetry]]. [{{ :advanced_tools:exterior_deriv.jpg?nolink }}] The motto in this section is: //the higher the level of abstraction, the better//. /**/ /**/